A self-defense redox mediator for efficient lithium–O 2 batteries. A highly active low voltage redox mediator for enhanced rechargeability of lithium–oxygen batteries. Rational design of redox mediators for advanced Li–O 2 batteries. Charging a Li–O 2 battery using a redox mediator. TEMPO: a mobile catalyst for rechargeable Li–O 2 batteries. J., Schürmann, A., Peppler, K., Garsuch, A. Soluble oxygen evolving catalysts for rechargeable metal–air batteries. A redox shuttle to facilitate oxygen reduction in the lithium air battery. The effect of water on quinone redox mediators in nonaqueous Li–O 2 batteries. A viewpoint on heterogeneous electrocatalysis and redox mediation in nonaqueous Li–O 2 batteries. Redox mediators for Li–O 2 batteries: status and perspectives. A nano-structured RuO 2/NiO cathode enables the operation of non-aqueous lithium–air batteries in ambient air. Superior performance of a Li–O 2 battery with metallic RuO 2 hollow spheres as the carbon-free cathode. Influence of Li 2O 2 morphology on oxygen reduction and evolution kinetics in Li–O 2 batteries. Electrical conductivity in Li 2O 2 and its role in determining capacity limitations in non-aqueous Li–O 2 batteries. Materials for advanced Li–O 2 batteries: explorations, challenges and prospects. Lithium–oxygen batteries and related systems: potential, status, and future. Current challenges and routes forward for nonaqueous lithium–air batteries. Fundamental understanding and material challenges in rechargeable nonaqueous Li–O 2 batteries: recent progress and perspective. Our mechanistic understanding explains why current low-voltage mediators (<+3.3 V) fail to deliver high rates (the maximum rate is at +3.74 V) and suggests important mediator design strategies to deliver sufficiently high rates for fast charging at potentials closer to the thermodynamic potential of Li 2O 2 oxidation (+2.96 V). The yield of singlet-state O 2 depends on the redox potential of the mediator in a way that does not correlate with electrolyte degradation, in contrast to earlier views. The second step is dominated by LiO 2 disproportionation, forming mostly triplet-state O 2. The rate-limiting step is the outer-sphere one-electron oxidation of Li 2O 2 to LiO 2, which follows Marcus theory. We investigate the mechanism of Li 2O 2 oxidation by redox mediators. Redox mediators are used to facilitate Li 2O 2 oxidation however, fast kinetics at a low charging voltage are necessary for practical applications and are yet to be achieved. Although Li–air rechargeable batteries offer higher energy densities than lithium-ion batteries, the insulating Li 2O 2 formed during discharge hinders rapid, efficient re-charging.
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